Coughs, colds, flu and pneumonia — infections of the airways ranging from mild to serious, especially in young children and the elderly.
Respiratory tract infections cover a wide range, from the common cold and sore throat through to more serious lower respiratory infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Most upper respiratory infections are viral and resolve on their own, while lower respiratory infections — particularly pneumonia — can become serious quickly, especially in young children, older adults, or anyone with an underlying health condition.
These infections spread through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing, or through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by touching the face. Crowded indoor spaces, cold and wet weather, and close contact with someone who is already unwell all raise the chances of catching one.
Most mild upper respiratory infections are managed with rest, fluids and symptom relief while the body's immune system clears the virus on its own. Lower respiratory infections and any case involving fast or laboured breathing need clinical assessment, since bacterial pneumonia in particular responds well to antibiotics but can worsen quickly if left untreated.
Seek urgent care if: breathing becomes fast, laboured or painful — this needs same-day assessment, especially in children.
